Perolehan Bahasa dan Mengaplikasikannya

Perolehan Bahasa dan Mengaplikasikannya

Teori perolehan bahasa
Lima hipotesis berikut ini merangkum teori tentang perolehan bahasa ( untuk penjelasan secara teknis dan bukti pendukung, lihat di Krashen 1994, 2004 ).

Perolehan – belajar hipotesis
Kita memiliki dua cara yang sangat berbeda dalam mengembangkan kemampuan pada bahasa lain. Kita dapat memperoleh bahasa, dan kita dapat belajar bahasa.
                Perolehan bahasa terjadi tanpa disadari, ketika sedang terjadi kita tidak mengetahui atau sadar bahwa hal tersebut sedang berlangsung. Kita berpikir bahwa kita sedang melakukan percakapan, membaca sebuah buku, menonton sebuah film. Tentu saja, tetapi dalam waktu yang sama, kita mungkin akan memperoleh bahasa.
                Dan juga, ketika kita akan memperoleh sesuatu, kita tidak selalu menyadari bahwa segalanya telah terjadi. Pengetahuan disimpan didalam alam bawah sadar kita.
                Penelitian ini sangat mendukung pandangan bahwa baik anak-anak dan orang dewasa sadar dapat memperoleh bahasa. Dan sebuah bahasa dapat diperoleh dari lisan, tulisan ataupun keduanya.
                Perolehan bahasa terkadang mengacu pada “penguasaan” bahasa. Ketika seseorang berkata, “saya tinggal di Perancis untuk sementara dan saya menguasai beberapa bahasa Perancis”. Ini berarti dia memperolehnya.
                Belajar bahasa adalah sebuah proses sadar. Ketika kita belajar, kita tahu bahwa kita sedang belajar dan kita mencoba untuk belajar. Belajar bahasa adalah apa yang kita pelajari disekolah, bahasa setiap hari, ketika kita bicara tentang “aturan” dan “tata bahasa” kita akan bicara tentang “belajar”.
                Memeriksa kesalahan seharusnya membantu untuk belajar. Ketika kita membuat sebuah kesalahan dan diperiksa, kita seharusnya merubah cara kesadaran pada diri kita akan sebuah aturan. Jika seorang pelajar berkata “saya datang ke sekolah setiap hari” dan guru merespon dengan “bukan, saya datang ke sekolah” kita seharusnya menyadari bahwa ‘s’ bukan digunakan untuk orang pertama tunggal pada bentuk sebuah kata kerja.

PHRASAL VERB

1.  It is there in the oldest layer of my memory, and I cannot dig it out. (Page 1, Line 8)
- Literal phrasal verb : menggali
- Idiomatic phrasal verb : menemukan
- The meaning of ‘dig out’ is menemukan.


2.  A hundred times I have gone over that morning when Precious Auntie wrote it down. (Page 1,   Line 9)
- Literal phrasal verb : melampaui
- Idiomatic phrasal verb : membaca kembali
- The meaning of ‘gone over’ is membaca kembali.




3.  A hundred times I have gone over that morning when Precious Auntie wrote it down. (Page 1, Line 10)
- Literal phrasal verb : menuliskan
- Idiomatic phrasal verb : menuliskan
- The meaning of ‘wrote down’ is menuliskan

4. She huffed, set the paper on the low cupboard. (Page 1, Line 20)
- Literal phrasal verb : memajukan
- Idiomatic phrasal verb : merapikan
- The meaning of ‘set on’ is merapikan



5.  And motioned that I should get up. (Page 1, Line 21)
- Literal phrasal verb : berdiri
- Idiomatic phrasal verb : bangun
- The meaning of ‘get up’ is bangun





6.  She wet down any strands that stuck out like spider legs. (Page 2, Line 3)
- Literal phrasal verb : menjulurkan
- Idiomatic phrasal verb : mengikat
- The meaning of ‘stuck out’ is mengikat





7.  Hand-talk, face-talk, and chalk-talk were the languages I grew up with, soundless and strong. (Page 2, Line 15)
- Literal phrasal verb : membesar
- Idiomatic phrasal verb : tumbuh
- The meaning of ‘grew up’ is tumbuh dewasa

8.  I took out  a pretty comb, ivory with a rooster carved at each end. (Page 2, Line 17)
- Literal phrasal verb : mengeluarkan
- Idiomatic phrasal verb : mengambil
- The meaning of ‘took out’ is mengeluarkan



9.  ‘You wear this,’ I demanded, holding it up. (Page 2, Line 19)
- Literal phrasal verb : menahan
- Idiomatic phrasal verb : memegang
- The meaning of ‘holding up’ is memegang




10.  She pulled of  her scarf and pointed to her face and bunched her brows. (Page 2, Line 22)

- Literal phrasal verb : menarik
- Idiomatic phrasal verb : melepaskan
- The meaning of ‘pulled of’ is melepaskan


11. 'Ai-ya, seeing her, even a demon would leap out of his skin.’ (Page 2, Line 33)
- Literal phrasal verb : melompat keluar
- Idiomatic phrasal verb : melompat keluar
- The meaning of ‘leap out’ is melompat keluar



12. Where the gums had burned, the teeth had fallen out. (Page 3, Line 2)
- Literal phrasal verb : jatuh
- Idiomatic phrasal verb : tanggal
- The meaning of ‘ fallen out’ is tanggal

13. She retrieved the scrap of paper from the cupboard,  folded it in half, and tucked it into the lining of her shoe. (Page 3, Line 29)

- Literal phrasal verb : melipat

- Idiomatic phrasal verb : melipat

- The meaning of ‘folded in’ is melipat

14. She retrieved the scrap of paper from the cupboard, folded it in half, and tucked it into the lining of her shoe. (Page 3, Line 30)

- Literal phrasal verb : terselip

- Idiomatic phrasal verb : terselip

- The meaning of ‘tucked into’ is menyelipkan

15. We put on our padded winter clothes and walked into the cold corridor. (Page 3, Line 30)

- Literal phrasal verb : memakai

     - Idiomatic phrasal verb : mengenakan

     - The meaning of ‘put on’ is mengenakan

16. Take off your shoes. (Page 4, Line 2)

     - Literal phrasal verb : berangkat

     - Idiomatic phrasal verb : lepaskan

     - The meaning of ‘take off’ is lepaskan

17. I stepped onto cold gray tiles. (Page 4, Line 3)

- Literal phrasal verb : melangkah

- Idiomatic phrasal verb : melangkah

- The meaning of ‘stepped onto’ is melangkah

18. Her black eyes looked into mine. (Page 4, Line 13)

- Literal phrasal verb : memandang

- Idiomatic phrasal verb : melihat

- The meaning of ‘looked into’ is melihat

19. She blew on them until they began to smolder. (Page 4, Line 20)

- Literal phrasal verb : meniup

- Idiomatic phrasal verb : meniup

- The meaning of ‘blew on’ is meniup

20. ‘I’m cold,’ I whimpered, and tears leaked out. (Page 4, Line 27)

     - Literal phrasal verb : bocor

     - Idiomatic phrasal verb : menetes

     - The meaning of ‘leaked out’ is menetes









Penerjemahan Berbantuan Komputer

Firdi Fardhillah (12610803)
Tri Wahyuni H. (16610971)
Umy Magfirah M. (18610328)

REMEMBER and FORGET

Forget you still love him
Forget it is true
He knew what he wanted
And it wasn't you
Forget his name
Forget his face
Forget his kiss
His sweet embrace
Forget the love that you once knew
Remember he didn't want you
Forget him when they play your song
Remember when you cried all night long
Forget how close you once were
Remember he screwed you over
Forget how you memorized his walk
Forget the way he used to talk
Forget the things he used to say
Remember he has gone away
Forget his laugh, forget his grin
Forget the dimples on his chin
Forget the way he held you tight
Remember you're all alone tonight
Forget the time that went so fast
Forget the love that moved, its past
Forget he said he'd leave you never
Remember he's gone forever!

"IF"

YOU ASKED IF I'D GIVE US A CHANCE,

BUT THIS LOVE COULD NOT BE

ALTHOUGH MY HEART WAS CALLING OUT,

YOU WERE NOT RIGHT FOR ME

PERHAPS ANOTHER TIME OR PLACE,

PERHAPS ANOTHER WORLD

BUT IN THIS LIFE, WHERE WE ARE NOW,

I CANNOT BE YOUR GIRL

I'D LOVE TO KNOW WHAT I'D HAVE FELT,

IF I'D LET YOU INSIDE

AND I'D LOVE TO KNOW WHERE WE'D HAVE BEEN

IF ONLY WE HAVE TRIED.

"REAL"

I may not be your best friend

but I surely know that I always try  to be the best I could be

I may not seem to care enough

but I can feel you within my heart

I may not talk to much to you

but you'll find me waiting every minute just to listen

to every piece of your heart saying

All my wandering years had led me to you

and being your friend

which are changing the face of my world

From the birth to the death, in my life,

I often ask my self where I might go

to make real friends

But they are not the people

I must travel to find

They are the people I take with

Because real friends are 

those who can make me believe

they never even exist

Letter For Mom

October 24, 2010

Dear Mom,



I can’t sleep tonight so I’m writing letter for you. Now I’m sitting in the lobby of my friend’s apartment. I’m sitting with my friends, they are Nina, Zeezee and my senior in collage, Cahaya. They are so busy until ignore me. Nina and Zeezee are writing and discussing about homework and Cahaya is repairing zeezee’s laptop because many virus in her laptop and Cahaya is a collage of technology information so he is understands about that. I really miss you and all of my family over there until come to my dreams every nights. Outside, many people are moving up and down. All of them are wearing jacket because in here the rains were fell down and the weather is very cold. There are couple walking on foot, they look very romantic and make me jealous. Inside, it is cold too but still comfortable. There are three old men at the table next to me. I don’t know what are they talking about what because they are speaking with Korean language so I don’t understand, but they look very happy because they just laughing and laughing again.


I am fine. I was start my collage since one month ago. I attend classes every morning from Monday until Saturday. I really tired but still spirit because prayer from you. I like most of my new friends. they are very nice and beautiful and because of they I have many experiences. Until now, I’m not yet get son in-law for you but I try hard too.


How are you, mom? I hope that you are well and still happy. How about your work? How about my family over there? Don’t forget to take a rest and take care your health because I worried about your healthy. Don’t forget to send my regards for family over there especially for grandmother. say, I miss her.

Your Daughter
Firah

"The Meaning"

Days that had elapsed
Will it happen again
Where we've
smiling with ..

Is there a word which is able to express couplet despair in the hearts ..
The road we passed always parted memories
A thimbleful of hope always exists in
Could it end up just being a memory
Time continues to run
it steals a rope friendship

One definite
we're always timeless ..
although many tears
flowing to
The meaning of friendship .....

Your world

Oh poet of love,
when you have no inspiration
you may as well play in my life
How did the know for just myself
but no more than that
sometimes hijab which covers the whole body is sold with a little seduction
it appropriate then it all happened
Sometimes only the task at hand
do not know what to do

Oh Lord
high science right not beat your ego if you stay there
playing with the evil demons that whisper slowly
they say "all is rarely done"
unknowingly you have faced on the road that has no choice.

Prince George makes second outing for christening of the year part 2

By Belinda Goldsmith

LONDON (Reuters) - After arriving to a global media frenzy, Britain's Prince George will make his second official appearance this week at a christening designed to be as low-key as possible for the world's most-hyped baby.

Prince George, third-in-line to the British throne, will be christened on October 23 in a private, 45-minute ceremony in the Chapel Royal at St James' Palace by the spiritual leader of the Church of England, the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby.

George will become the formal head of the Church of England himself if he accedes to the throne.

Few were surprised by Prince William and his wife Kate's decision to break with tradition and not hold the service in Buckingham Palace as is typical for royal christenings.

The royal couple, known as the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge since their 2011 wedding, have made it clear they are not sticklers for tradition and their informality has helped portray a more modern, relevant royal family in austerity-hit Britain.

So far the only official photographs of Prince George are family snapshots taken by Kate's father Michael Middleton.

The christening will be the first time in over 100 years that four generations of royals are photographed together, with a picture of Queen Elizabeth, her son and heir Prince Charles, Prince William and Prince George to be released after the event.

Although the christening will be held behind closed doors, tourists and well-wishers have already flocked to the 16th century St James' Palace built by Henry VIII in central London.

"In the States, the royals fascinate people, especially William and Kate who are young and approachable," said Sean Tyrrell, 44, a policeman from Manteca, California, outside the palace gate flanked by guards in red tunics and bearskin hats.

Sean Tyrrel, 44, a policeman from Menteca, California, outside the palace gate flanked by guards in red tunics and bearskin hats said that In the States, the royal fascinate people, especially William an Kate who are young and approachable.

STYLE ICON

German students Julia Magrian and Anne Krause, both aged 17, said they would be following the christening closely, keen to see what Kate wears. The "Kate-effect" is well-known, with anything the duchess wears prompting a sales rush.

"We like Kate because she is a link between royalty and the common people and she has great style," said Magrian.

Magrian said that they like Kate because she is a link between royalty and the common people and she has great style.

Royal officials have released few details before the christening, allowing only one photographer and one TV crew inside the palace - unlike Prince George's birth when an army of cameramen camped outside St. Mary's Hospital for three weeks.

Millions of people around the world watched live coverage of the duke and duchess, both aged 31, leave the hospital with their sleeping son, the only public sighting of George to date.

His birth on July 22, along with a run of sporting success for Britain during an unusually good summer, was credited with boosting consumer spending in July and bolstering the popularity of Britain's royal family at home and abroad.

William and his party-loving brother Harry have been at the forefront of the modernisation of the monarchy whose popularity suffered after the 1997 death of their mother Princess Diana.

British media have speculated on the guest list and whether Prince George will wear a replica of the gown used by Queen Victoria's eldest daughter in 1841 and worn by many royals since.

Bookmaker William Hill expected Prince William and Kate to opt for friends as the godparents for their first child and skip the royal tradition of choosing family or other royals.

Shopkeepers said the christening was unlikely to boost sales since little was available in terms of baby memorabilia.

"There's always demand for anything royal but licensing rules mean we're very limited in what we can provide," said Younes Nokra of the Crest of London store in Leicester Square.

Younes Nokra of the Crest of London store in Leicester Square said that there's always demand for anything royal but licensing rules mean they're very limited in what we can provide.

Despite the christening being held behind locked gates, royal fans were still planning to descend on St. James' Palace to soak up the atmosphere and look out for Prince George.

"He will have a lovely christening dress on and I want to see him with his eyes open," Margaret Tyler, a royal enthusiast and memorabilia collector, told Reuters.

Margaret Tyler, a royal enthusiast and memorabilia collector, told Reuters that He will have a lovely christening dress on and I want to see him with his eyes open.

(Additional reporting by Hugo Hodge and Georgina Cooper, Editing by xxxx

Source : http://uk.news.yahoo.com/prince-george-makes-second-outing-christening-160604174.html#4r5LZpJ

Prince George makes second outing for christening of the year

Belinda Goldsmith

LONDON (Reuters) - After arriving to a global media frenzy, Britain's Prince George will make his second official appearance this week at a christening designed to be as low-key as possible for the world's most-hyped baby.

Prince George, third-in-line to the British throne, will be christened on October 23 in a private, 45-minute ceremony in the Chapel Royal at St James' Palace by the spiritual leader of the Church of England, the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby.

George will become the formal head of the Church of England himself if he accedes to the throne.

Few were surprised by Prince William and his wife Kate's decision to break with tradition and not hold the service in Buckingham Palace as is typical for royal christenings.

The royal couple, known as the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge since their 2011 wedding, have made it clear they are not sticklers for tradition and their informality has helped portray a more modern, relevant royal family in austerity-hit Britain.

So far the only official photographs of Prince George are family snapshots taken by Kate's father Michael Middleton.

The christening will be the first time in over 100 years that four generations of royals are photographed together, with a picture of Queen Elizabeth, her son and heir Prince Charles, Prince William and Prince George to be released after the event.

Although the christening will be held behind closed doors, tourists and well-wishers have already flocked to the 16th century St James' Palace built by Henry VIII in central London.

"In the States, the royals fascinate people, especially William and Kate who are young and approachable," said Sean Tyrrell, 44, a policeman from Manteca, California, outside the palace gate flanked by guards in red tunics and bearskin hats.

STYLE ICON

German students Julia Magrian and Anne Krause, both aged 17, said they would be following the christening closely, keen to see what Kate wears. The "Kate-effect" is well-known, with anything the duchess wears prompting a sales rush.

"We like Kate because she is a link between royalty and the common people and she has great style," said Magrian.

Royal officials have released few details before the christening, allowing only one photographer and one TV crew inside the palace - unlike Prince George's birth when an army of cameramen camped outside St. Mary's Hospital for three weeks.

Millions of people around the world watched live coverage of the duke and duchess, both aged 31, leave the hospital with their sleeping son, the only public sighting of George to date.

His birth on July 22, along with a run of sporting success for Britain during an unusually good summer, was credited with boosting consumer spending in July and bolstering the popularity of Britain's royal family at home and abroad.

William and his party-loving brother Harry have been at the forefront of the modernisation of the monarchy whose popularity suffered after the 1997 death of their mother Princess Diana.

British media have speculated on the guest list and whether Prince George will wear a replica of the gown used by Queen Victoria's eldest daughter in 1841 and worn by many royals since.

Bookmaker William Hill expected Prince William and Kate to opt for friends as the godparents for their first child and skip the royal tradition of choosing family or other royals.

Shopkeepers said the christening was unlikely to boost sales since little was available in terms of baby memorabilia.

"There's always demand for anything royal but licensing rules mean we're very limited in what we can provide," said Younes Nokra of the Crest of London store in Leicester Square.

Despite the christening being held behind locked gates, royal fans were still planning to descend on St. James' Palace to soak up the atmosphere and look out for Prince George.

"He will have a lovely christening dress on and I want to see him with his eyes open," Margaret Tyler, a royal enthusiast and memorabilia collector, told Reuters.

(Additional reporting by Hugo Hodge and Georgina Cooper, Editing by xxxxx)

Source : http://uk.news.yahoo.com/prince-george-makes-second-outing-christening-160604174.html#4r5LZpJ

MONAS

Monumen Nasional atau yang populer disingkat dengan Monas atau Tugu Monas adalah monumen peringatan setinggi 132 meter (433 kaki) yang didirikan untuk mengenang perlawanan dan perjuangan rakyat Indonesia untuk merebut kemerdekaan dari pemerintahan kolonial Hindia Belanda. Pembangunan monumen ini dimulai pada tanggal 17Agustus 1961 di bawah perintah Presiden Soekarno, dan dibuka untuk umum pada tanggal 12 Juli 1975. Tugu ini dimahkotai lidah api yang dilapisi lembaran emas yang melambangkan semangat perjuangan yang menyala-nyala. Monumen Nasional terletak tepat di tengah Lapangan Medan Merdeka, Jakarta Pusat. Monumen dan museum ini dibuka setiap hari mulai pukul 08.00 - 15.00 WIB.

Pada halaman luar mengelilingi monumen, pada tiap sudutnya terdapat relief timbul yang menggambarkan sejarah Indonesia. Relief dan patung-patung ini dibuat dari semen dengan kerangka pipa atau logam, sayang sekali beberapa patung dan arca mulai rontok dan rusak akibat hujan dan cuaca tropis.

Di bagian dalam cawan monumen terdapat Ruang Kemerdekaan berbentuk amphitheater. Ruangan ini dapat dicapai melalui tangga berputar di dari pintu sisi utara dan selatan. Ruangan ini menyimpan simbol kenegaraan dan kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia. Diantaranya naskah asli Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia yang disimpan dalam kotak kaca di dalam gerbang berlapis emas, lambang negara Indonesia, peta kepulauan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia berlapis emas, dan bendera merah putih, dan dinding yang bertulis naskah Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia. 

Di dalam Ruang Kemerdekaan Monumen Nasional ini digunakan sebagai ruang tenang untuk mengheningkan cipta dan bermeditasi mengenang hakikat kemerdekaan dan perjuangan bangsa Indonesia. Naskah asli proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia disimpan dalam kotak kaca dalam pintu gerbang berlapis emas. Pintu mekanis ini terbuat dari perunggu seberat 4 ton berlapis emas dihiasi ukiran bunga Wijaya Kusuma yang melambangkan keabadian, serta bunga Teratai yang melambangkan kesucian. Pintu ini terletak pada dinding sisi barat tepat di tengah ruangan dan berlapis marmer hitam dan akan dibuka untuk memperlihatkan teks asli Proklamasi satu jam sekali. Pintu ini dikenal dengan nama Gerbang Kemerdekaan yang secara mekanis akan membuka seraya memperdengarkan lagu "Padamu Negeri" diikuti kemudian oleh rekaman suara Soekarno tengah membacakan naskah proklamasi pada 17 agustus 1945.

Pada sore hari, akan terlihat banyak pengunjung yang akan mengelilingi taman disekitar Monas untuk sekedar bersantai dengan keluarga, kerabat dan orang-orang terdekat. Sekedar menikmati udara sore atau pun bermain sepeda yang sudah tersedia untuk disewakan bagi para pengunjung.